Almost every American understood then, and most continue to understand, that proportionality in death or destruction is not the measure of justice in a war.

Succinctly, if the court allows a fact-specific proportionality inquiry, the threshold of a systemic proportionality challenge will be heightened because the government can defend every legislative ...

The UN would be wrong to assume proportionality means a 1:1 exchange. The Hamas raid on October 7 th was a criminal act according to international law. In the freeing of hostages, Israel’s actions ...

Singapore’s courts have long refused to adopt proportionality review in constitutional adjudication. However, their instinct to reject proportionality, while possibly well-founded, has yet to be ...

This paper evaluates fair labeling in the areas of criminalization and punishment in China. We consider the justice of criminal labeling from a comparative perspective by examining several core ...