Every ecosystem is shaped by billions of invisible battles: organisms competing for light, nutrients, space, or mates. These competitive interactions determine which species survive, how they evolve, ...

Competitive ecosystems are often modelled as dynamical systems in which interacting species or functional groups obey rules of growth and inhibition. Analysis of these models seeks to uncover the long ...

Forest ecosystems are structured by the spatial arrangement of their constituent organisms, physical features and resource gradients. At the scale of individual trees, spatial patterns arise through ...