Causal knowledge and inferences based on it are critical for effective decision making. Causal knowledge has an appeal because it can affect decisions by changing our expectations on outcomes. Instead ...

Causality is the way the real world works: a response can't come before its stimulus arrives. All real-world measurements must obey causality, but some S-parameter measurements seem to violate it. An ...

Understanding the brain's functional architecture is a fundamental challenge in neuroscience. The connections between neurons ultimately dictate how information is processed, transmitted, stored, and ...

Final Fantasy XIV’s endgame gear for level 90 players is determined mainly by the two tomestones. Tomestones of Astronomy and Causality are the core currency you use in the MMORPG to earn some of the ...

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are private, nonprofit institutions that provide expert advice on some of the most pressing challenges facing the nation and world. Our ...

Posts are sharing numbers reported to the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) as deaths following COVID-19 vaccinations and claiming that it proves the vaccines have killed people.

Only one in four people who reported side effects after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine have received compensation from the ...